November 28, 2025, 4:48 am | Read time: 5 minutes

Why Golden Retrievers Are Suitable as a Research Model

Dogs, like humans, show significant differences in behavior and temperament. And, as with us, many of these traits are genetically determined. Golden retrievers are particularly suitable as a research model: They belong to a genetically homogeneous breed, which simplifies genetic analyses.

This study aimed to determine which genes are associated with specific behavioral traits in golden retrievers—and whether these genes are also associated with psychological, cognitive, or temperament-related traits in humans.

Are There Genetic Similarities Between Humans and Dogs?

To do this, the researchers used data from the Golden Retriever Lifetime Study (GRLS), a large-scale longitudinal study. Behavioral data were collected using an established questionnaire that systematically recorded the behavior of dogs in 14 traits, such as aggression, anxiety, energy, or trainability.

The goal was to discover genetic similarities between humans and dogs. The researchers wanted to gain new insights into the biological foundations of behavior and emotions. The results were published in the journal “PNAS.” ¹

Data Were Compared With Those From Human Studies

To determine genetic connections, the researchers conducted 14 so-called genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This is a method used to identify gene variants linked to specific traits.

The genome data were collected using a high-density chip. About 468,000 genetic markers were analyzed after quality controls. The evaluation was carried out using statistical models that controlled for age, gender, neutering status, and other influencing factors.

Additionally, heritability (the genetic contribution to behavior) was calculated. For significant genes, a comparison with human studies was also conducted. The dog genes were examined for associations with over 190 human psychological, cognitive, or temperament-related traits.

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Shared Biological Foundations Between Humans and Dogs

The study found a total of 21 locations in the golden retrievers’ genome associated with their behavior. Of these, 12 were particularly clear, and 9 had a possible connection. These gene regions influence eight different behavioral traits, such as:

• Aggression toward other dogs: There was a notable connection near the gene PTPN1. This gene is associated with intelligence, depression, and educational attainment in humans.
• Trainability: Three genes—ROMO1, ADGRL2, and ITPR2—showed a connection with the dogs’ ability to be well-trained. In humans, these genes are also linked to intelligence, depression, and emotional sensitivity.
• Anxiety, such as toward strangers or loud noises: Genes like ADD2, PRDX1, HUNK, and ASCC3 were involved, which are associated with mood swings, depression, or loneliness in humans.
• Sensitivity to touch: A gene (VWA8) was also found here, which is linked to education and learning success in humans.
• Separation issues, such as whining or restlessness when alone: Overlaps were also found here, for example, with the gene IGSF11, which is also linked to human traits.

Overall, the researchers discovered 18 important genes. Twelve of these also play a role in human psychological or mental traits. This suggests shared biological foundations between humans and dogs—despite all the differences between the species.

Behavioral Problems in Dogs Are Attributed to Similar Emotional Foundations

This study provides strong evidence that similar genes influence behavior and emotions in both dogs and humans. The genetic overlap suggests that dogs can be useful as model organisms for human mental disorders and temperament differences.

Particularly interesting: Many of the genes associated with anxiety or aggression in dogs are linked to depression, irritability, sensitivity, or neurotic tendencies in humans. This could mean that behavioral problems in dogs are attributed to similar emotional foundations as in humans—with potential implications for therapeutic approaches.

What the Results Mean for Dog Owners

For practical purposes, this presents an intriguing idea: Instead of merely suppressing unwanted behavior through training, targeted measures (possibly including medication) could address the emotional causes. New criteria could also be developed for the selection and training of assistance dogs, such as considering genes associated with cognitive performance rather than just reward sensitivity.

At the same time, human medicine and psychiatry also benefit. Genes that show only weak effects in humans could be highlighted as particularly relevant candidates through the dog study, especially if they have similar effects on behavior in both species.

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Data Are Based on Owners’ Subjective Assessments

This investigation is the largest single-breed genome study on dog behavior to date and offers high significance. Focusing on golden retrievers allowed for clear genetic statements. Since purebred dogs have low genetic variability and long genetic linkages, they provide ideal conditions for genetic mapping. The special questionnaire provided valid and comparable behavioral data.

However, there are limitations: The data are based on the subjective assessments of the owners, which can lead to biases. Additionally, environmental factors such as upbringing, socialization, or living conditions strongly influence behavior—factors that cannot be completely accounted for.

Conclusion: Convincing Evidence for Shared Genetic Foundations of Behavior in Dogs and Humans

Some genetic connections are already known from other studies, but the single-breed strategy of this study allowed researchers to clarify that these are not just effects due to breed differences. Particularly interesting: The much-discussed IGF1 gene, which influences body size and is also associated with anxiety behavior, shows no correlation between body weight and energy level in golden retrievers—an indication that the effect is indeed genetic and not environmentally influenced.

This study thus provides convincing evidence for shared genetic foundations of behavior in dogs and humans. This strengthens the role of dogs as model organisms for psychological and emotional states. At the same time, new approaches to treating or preventing problematic behaviors in dogs could emerge—based on a better understanding of their emotional foundations.